Biomarker library
Each biomarker reveals a different chapter of your health — from energy and hormones to inflammation and metabolic function. Explore the science, understand optimal ranges, and learn how to move the needle.
23 markers across 5 categories
“A blood test is a conversation with your biology.
Every marker is a sentence — read them together and the story emerges.”
Vitamins & Minerals
7 markers
Vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D) is a fat-soluble hormone precursor synthesised in the skin upon UVB exposure and obtained through diet. It plays a critical role in calcium absorption, immune regulation, and gene expression across hundreds of pathways. Blood levels of 25-OH-D are the gold standard for assessing vitamin D status.
Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin essential for DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation, and neurological function. It is exclusively found in animal-derived foods, making deficiency more common in vegetarians and vegans. B12 is stored in the liver, so deficiency can take years to develop but causes significant damage when it does.
Magnesium is an essential mineral involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions in the body, including energy production, protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function, and blood pressure regulation. Serum magnesium reflects only about 1% of total body stores, as most magnesium resides in bones and soft tissues — making subclinical deficiency difficult to detect.
Iron is an essential mineral that carries oxygen in your blood, supports energy production in every cell, and plays a key role in immune function and cognitive performance. A full iron panel — serum iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin saturation — gives a far more complete picture than ferritin alone. Together, these markers reveal whether your body is absorbing, transporting, and utilising iron effectively.
Folate (vitamin B9) is a water-soluble B vitamin essential for DNA synthesis, methylation, and red blood cell formation. Serum folate reflects recent dietary intake (1-3 weeks), while red blood cell folate reflects longer-term status (3-4 months). Folate works synergistically with vitamin B12 — deficiency in either can cause megaloblastic anaemia.
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in its active form) is a water-soluble vitamin involved in over 150 enzymatic reactions. It is critical for amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis (serotonin, dopamine, GABA), haemoglobin formation, and immune function. Unlike fat-soluble vitamins, B6 is not stored in significant quantities and must be replenished regularly through diet.
Zinc is an essential trace mineral involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions. It plays critical roles in immune function, protein synthesis, wound healing, DNA synthesis, and cell division. Unlike iron or vitamin D, the body has no dedicated zinc storage mechanism — daily intake is required to maintain adequate levels. Serum zinc reflects recent intake rather than long-term stores.
Hormones
4 markers
Total testosterone measures the combined amount of bound and unbound testosterone in the blood. It is the primary male sex hormone responsible for muscle mass, bone density, red blood cell production, and reproductive function. Testosterone levels naturally peak in a man's late twenties and decline approximately 1-2% per year thereafter.
DHEA-S (dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate) is the most abundant steroid hormone in the body, produced primarily by the adrenal glands. It serves as a precursor to both testosterone and oestrogen. DHEA-S levels peak in the mid-20s and decline steadily at roughly 2-3% per year, making it one of the most reliable biomarkers of biological ageing.
SHBG is a glycoprotein produced primarily by the liver that binds to sex hormones — testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and oestradiol — and regulates their bioavailability. Only the unbound (free) fraction of testosterone is biologically active, so SHBG levels directly determine how much testosterone your body can actually use. SHBG is influenced by thyroid function, insulin levels, liver health, and body composition.
Cortisol is the body's primary stress hormone, produced by the adrenal glands in response to physical and psychological stress. It follows a diurnal rhythm — peaking in the early morning (6-8am) to wake you up, then declining through the day. A morning blood test captures your cortisol awakening response, which is the most diagnostically useful measurement.
Metabolic
7 markers
HbA1c measures the percentage of haemoglobin that has been glycated (bound to glucose) over the previous 2-3 months. Unlike fasting glucose, which captures a single point in time, HbA1c provides a longer-term picture of blood sugar control. It is the primary marker used to diagnose and monitor type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes.
A cholesterol panel measures the fats circulating in your blood — total cholesterol, HDL ('good' cholesterol), LDL ('bad' cholesterol), triglycerides, and increasingly ApoB, the protein that carries LDL particles into artery walls. Together, these markers paint the most accurate picture of your cardiovascular risk and metabolic health available from a blood test.
ALT (alanine aminotransferase) is an enzyme found primarily in liver cells. When the liver is damaged or inflamed, ALT leaks into the bloodstream — making it one of the most sensitive markers of liver health. ALT is more specific to the liver than AST, which is also found in muscle and heart tissue.
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is the protein embedded in every atherogenic (artery-damaging) lipoprotein particle — including LDL, VLDL, IDL, and Lp(a). Unlike standard LDL cholesterol which measures the cholesterol content inside LDL particles, ApoB counts the actual number of particles. This distinction matters because particle number — not cholesterol content — drives atherosclerosis.
Lipoprotein(a) is a genetically determined lipoprotein particle structurally similar to LDL but with an additional protein — apolipoprotein(a) — attached. Unlike most cardiovascular risk factors, Lp(a) levels are 80-90% determined by genetics and are largely unresponsive to diet, exercise, or lifestyle changes. It is one of the most underappreciated cardiovascular risk factors, affecting an estimated 1 in 5 people globally.
Homocysteine is an amino acid produced as a byproduct of methionine metabolism. It is not obtained from diet but is generated internally and must be recycled back to methionine (via B12 and folate) or converted to cysteine (via B6). When this recycling pathway is impaired — by nutrient deficiency or genetic variants like MTHFR — homocysteine accumulates in the blood.
The Omega-3 Index measures the percentage of the omega-3 fatty acids EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) in your red blood cell membranes, expressed as a proportion of total fatty acids. Because red blood cells have a lifespan of approximately 120 days, this test reflects your average omega-3 status over the previous 3-4 months — far more reliable than a snapshot of plasma levels or a dietary recall questionnaire. The test was first proposed as a standardised risk factor in 2004 and has since been validated in over 40 prospective studies linking it to cardiovascular, cognitive, and inflammatory outcomes.
Inflammation
2 markers
Ferritin is a protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion. Blood ferritin levels are the most reliable indicator of total body iron stores. Ferritin also acts as an acute-phase reactant, meaning levels can rise during inflammation, infection, or liver disease — making interpretation context-dependent.
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is a marker of systemic inflammation produced by the liver. Unlike standard CRP tests used to detect acute infections, hs-CRP measures low-grade chronic inflammation — the kind linked to cardiovascular disease, metabolic dysfunction, and accelerated ageing. It is one of the most validated predictive biomarkers in preventive medicine.
Thyroid
1 marker
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